生活污水和工業(yè)廢水處理方法都有哪些?

　　生活污水和工業(yè)廢水需要處理的污染物主要是COD、氨氮、總氮、SS等，現(xiàn)在常用的處理方法物理法、化學(xué)法、生物處理法等，工藝AO、A2O、氧化溝、電解法等等。

　　無論是生活污水處理和工業(yè)廢水處理的工藝都需要合理、科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)行之有效的工藝系統(tǒng)來解決污水問題。

　　現(xiàn)在常用的污水處理工藝分為三大類：物理處理法、化學(xué)處理法和生物處理法。

　　物理處理法：通過物理作用分離和去除廢水中不溶解的呈懸浮狀態(tài)的污染物(包括油膜、油珠)的方法。

　　化學(xué)處理法：通過化學(xué)反應(yīng)改變廢水中污染物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)或物理性質(zhì)，使它或從溶解、膠體或懸浮狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌恋砘蚱顟B(tài)，或從固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闅鈶B(tài)，進(jìn)而從水中除去的廢水處理方法。

　　生物處理法：利用自然環(huán)境中微生物來氧化分解廢水中的**物和某些無機(jī)毒物(如氰化物、硫化物)，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為穩(wěn)定無害的無機(jī)物的一種廢水處理方法。

　　簡單來說工業(yè)污水和生活污水**的區(qū)別是：前者比后者毒性強(qiáng)，危害大。污水中主要污染物的含量不同。但在處理工藝方面，工業(yè)污水和農(nóng)村污水有很多相似之處。主要由物理工藝、生化工藝及化學(xué)工藝三大類。

　　將工業(yè)廢水和生活污水中的一些雜質(zhì)或者殘渣從水體之中進(jìn)行分離，從而實現(xiàn)污水處理效果，在這個過程中并沒有發(fā)生其他物質(zhì)方面的轉(zhuǎn)變。通常情況下，物理處理工藝可以分為沉淀分離法、膜分離法、萃取法三種。沉淀分離法就是指利用工業(yè)廢水和生活污水中雜質(zhì)與水體密度不同的特點，從而利用重力下沉的方式，實現(xiàn)水體與雜質(zhì)的分離。膜分離法，主要是指利用一些特殊的性質(zhì)半透膜，將水中的雜質(zhì)進(jìn)行分離，具體而言，膜分離法又可以分為超濾、微濾、納濾、滲析、反滲析、電滲析、液膜等幾種方法。萃取法，也就是利用一些特定的萃取劑，利用溶解度的不同，從而將水體之中的一些污染物質(zhì)，融入到溶解劑之中，*終實現(xiàn)雜質(zhì)與水體分離的效果。

　　生物處理工藝也是常見的工業(yè)廢水、生活污水通用方法，工藝主要分為以下四種：兩段活性泥處理法、間歇性活性泥法、缺氧厭氧處理法、缺氧好氧處理法。兩段活性泥處理法，也就是將污水處理管道或者污水處理廠視作一個污水處理系統(tǒng)，將其分為A、B 兩個處理段，其中A段為高負(fù)荷段，B段為低負(fù)荷段，這個兩個處理段之中，利用不同的回流方式，從而使水體環(huán)境發(fā)生變化，在這個過程中所涉及的工具有自吸式射流曝氣機(jī)、側(cè)向流坡形斜板以及無支架懸浮生物填料。間歇性活性泥法，通過進(jìn)水、反應(yīng)、沉淀、排放這種反復(fù)循環(huán)的順序，實現(xiàn)污水處理效果。缺氧、厭氧處理法，主要是應(yīng)用在一些大型的活性泥污水處理廠中，可以實現(xiàn)污水中脫氮或者脫磷的效果，并且運營成本和處理費用也比較低，但是這種處理方法也有一定的缺點，就是不易管理，并且無法完成脫磷與脫氮的同步完成，延長了污水處理時間。缺氧好氧法則屬于一種深度的二級處理技術(shù)，由脫磷和脫氮兩步完成。

　　化學(xué)處理工藝是*常見的一種工業(yè)廢水和生活污水處理工藝，包括以下三種處理方法，化學(xué)沉淀法、濕式氧化法、臭氧氧化法。化學(xué)沉淀法，與物理沉淀不同，化學(xué)沉淀要在水體之中投入一定量的化學(xué)藥劑，從而使一些不溶于水的化合物從水體中分離出來，同時還可以分離出一些重金屬離子，如汞、鉛鋅等，常見的化學(xué)沉淀法有硫化物沉淀法、鋇鹽沉淀、鐵氧體沉淀幾種。其次是濕式氧化法，這種處理方法主要是在封閉的容器之中進(jìn)行，利用溫度與壓力，從而使水體之中的一些雜質(zhì)發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng)，在進(jìn)行此種污水處理方法時，**添加一些催化劑，這樣可以**反應(yīng)速率，縮短反應(yīng)時間，從而實現(xiàn)更好的污水處理效果。**是臭氧氧化法，臭氧是一種強(qiáng)氧化劑，殺菌能力也比較強(qiáng)，利用臭氧進(jìn)行污水處理，可以使水體污染物碳化，并降低水體中的**物質(zhì)。

　　工業(yè)廢水和生活污水對于水體環(huán)境的破壞是十分嚴(yán)重的，因此加強(qiáng)對工業(yè)廢水和生活污水處理應(yīng)作為一個持久的概念與政策，同時要加快工業(yè)廢水和生活污水處理工藝研究，這樣才能實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、生活污水的循序利用，從而為社會創(chuàng)造福利。

　　1.廢水和污水的化學(xué)處理

　　工業(yè)廢水和生活污水是社會發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物，通過不同處理方法獲得的處理效果也將有所不同。在現(xiàn)實生活中，使用化學(xué)處理來處理廢水和污水非常普遍。化學(xué)處理方法是利用化學(xué)反應(yīng)對污水和廢水中的污染物進(jìn)行處理，以分離出各種污染物，從而使水質(zhì)恢復(fù)自然。例如，使用化學(xué)凝結(jié)法向污水中添加化學(xué)物質(zhì)可以有效地分解水中粒徑為1-10的懸浮顆粒，并可以有效降低廢水的pH值?；瘜W(xué)處理方法可以細(xì)分為不同的處理過程。當(dāng)前更成熟的應(yīng)用包括臭氧處理，沉淀和電解。化學(xué)處理方法是非常有效和方便的處理方法。目前，我國這種治療方法的研究時間比較長，取得的成果更加明顯。在普通加工設(shè)備中，快速的操作和自動檢測節(jié)省了時間和精力，可以有效地提高加工效果。此外，化學(xué)處理方法還可以消除水中殘留的劇毒物質(zhì)。當(dāng)然，這主要用于工業(yè)廢水。與生活污水相比，工業(yè)廢水中含有汞和其他重金屬物質(zhì)。未經(jīng)處理的排放到自然環(huán)境中將導(dǎo)致非常嚴(yán)重的后果。目前，主要通過中和和沉淀處理。

　　2.廢水和污水的物理處理

　　物理處理方法的處理原理是多種機(jī)械分離方法，包括過濾，浮選和離心分離。這些物理治療方法現(xiàn)在相對普遍。物理處理方法用于處理污水和廢水。廢水中所含物質(zhì)的化學(xué)特性在處理過程中不會發(fā)生變化，因此在化學(xué)處理方法下獲得的污水處理結(jié)果之間存在很大差異。用于物理處理方法的加工機(jī)械和設(shè)備很多，離心機(jī)，曝氣機(jī)和氣浮機(jī)被廣泛使用。生活污水中的常見成分是污泥，生活垃圾等。如果要處理生活污水，必須將水和固體物質(zhì)分開。例如，使用離心機(jī)處理生活污水，該污水利用離心運動。為了有效分離污水中的固體顆粒和液體，以及如果乳劑中存在兩種具有不同密度的不混溶溶液，則離心機(jī)也可以有效分離兩種液體。污泥脫水機(jī)還可以有效分離污泥和水。污水的物理處理可以有效地分離和提取污水中的不同成分。

　　污水處理的第三種方法

　　從字面上理解生物處理方法，它是利用微生物的代謝來無害地轉(zhuǎn)化污水和廢水中的**污染物。這種處理方法的優(yōu)點是，與化學(xué)處理和物理處理相比，治療效果更好。目前該方法使用時間很短，需要進(jìn)一步研究。但是，它將成為未來污水和廢水的主要處理方法。方式。該生物處理方法利用微生物降解廢水和污水，這完全符合當(dāng)前的生態(tài)和環(huán)境保護(hù)理念。還有很多不同的方法可以使用這種方法來處理廢水和污水。更常見的方法是AB法，SBR法，天然生物處理法和生物膜法。 AB法也稱為兩階段活性污泥處理法。該方法將污水處理廠視為污水處理系統(tǒng)。該方法的優(yōu)點是抗沖擊性強(qiáng)，可裝載性強(qiáng)，無需建立初始沉淀池，高達(dá)80%的COD去除率和90%的BOD5去除率。

　　3.SBR方法也稱為間歇活性污泥法

　　該方法是按照閑置順序完成同一池中的取水，反應(yīng)，沉淀和排放，并同時重復(fù)循環(huán)。這種方法的優(yōu)點是它已經(jīng)被操作，可以調(diào)節(jié)，具有很高的自動化水平，并且不需要設(shè)置污泥回收設(shè)備。生物膜方法利用生物膜上存在的大量微生物來不斷繁殖，吸收和減少污水流域內(nèi)污水中的污染物含量。此外，如果生物膜本身老化，它將跟隨污水的流動并*終到達(dá)沉淀池。生物處理方法中的自然生物處理方法是一種在自然環(huán)境中生長的微生物，其吸收廢水和污水中的有害物質(zhì)，從而完成凈水的目的。例如，如果您在池塘中放置了許多微生物，則可以對池塘中的污水進(jìn)行生態(tài)處理。污水和廢水的生物處理目前正在國內(nèi)外進(jìn)行持續(xù)研究。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)水平的不斷提高，這種方法的應(yīng)用前景將不可避免。

　　4.結(jié)論

　　通常，污水的處理需要科學(xué)的理念和先進(jìn)的設(shè)備。通過對目前所有廢水和污水處理方法的研究，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)無論是化學(xué)處理，物理處理還是生物處理，都是科學(xué)技術(shù)手段與實踐的有效結(jié)合。*終目標(biāo)是確保水資源的安全和保障。確保人類正常生活的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，社會的健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展。根據(jù)實際環(huán)境和需求，應(yīng)合理選擇適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚矸椒ǎ员M可能減少污水和廢水對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響。

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　　What are the treatment methods of domestic and industrial wastewater?

　　The main pollutants to be treated in domestic and industrial wastewater are COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, SS, etc. At present, the commonly used treatment methods are physical method, chemical method, biological treatment method, process AO, A2O, oxidation ditch, electrolysis, etc.

　　Whether domestic sewage treatment or industrial waste water treatment processes need reasonable, scientific, economical and effective process systems to solve sewage problems.

　　The commonly used sewage treatment processes are divided into three categories: physical treatment, chemical treatment and biological treatment.

　　Physical treatment: a method of separating and removing undissolved and suspended pollutants (including oil film and oil beads) from wastewater by physical action.

　　Chemical treatment: A waste water treatment method which changes the chemical or physical properties of pollutants in wastewater by chemical reaction to change them from dissolved, colloidal or suspended state to sedimentation or floating state or from solid state to gaseous state and then to remove them from water.

　　Biological treatment: A waste water treatment method that utilizes microorganisms in the natural environment to oxidize and decompose organic substances and certain inorganic poisons (e.g. cyanide, sulfide) in wastewater and convert them into stable and harmless inorganic substances.

　　Simply speaking, the biggest difference between industrial sewage and domestic sewage is that the former is more toxic and more harmful than the latter. The content of main pollutants in sewage is different. But in terms of treatment process, there are many similarities between industrial sewage and rural sewage. It mainly consists of physical process, biochemical process and chemical process.

　　Some impurities or residues in industrial waste water and domestic waste water are separated from the water body to achieve the sewage treatment effect, in which no other material changes have taken place. Generally, physical treatment processes can be divided into precipitation separation method, membrane separation method and extraction method. Sedimentation separation is the separation of impurities from industrial and domestic wastewater by means of gravity settling due to the different characteristics of impurities and density of water body. Membrane separation mainly refers to the separation of impurities in water by using special semi-permeable membranes. Specifically, membrane separation can be divided into ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration, dialysis, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, liquid membrane and other methods. Extraction is the process of utilizing certain extractants with different solubilities to incorporate some pollutants in the water into the solvent and finally achieve the separation of impurities from the water.

　　Biological treatment process is also a common general method for industrial and domestic wastewater. It can be divided into four main processes: two-stage activated sludge treatment, intermittent activated sludge treatment, anoxic and anaerobic treatment, and anoxic and aerobic treatment. Two-stage activated sludge treatment method, i.e. treating sewage treatment pipeline or sewage treatment plant as a sewage treatment system, divides it into two treatment sections A and B, in which section A is the high-load section and section B is the low-load section. In these two treatment sections, different reflux modes are used to change the water environment. During the process, the tools involved are self-priming jet aerator, Side flow inclined plate and suspended bio-filler without support. Intermittent activated sludge process achieves sewage treatment effect through water inflow, reaction, sediment and discharge in the sequence of repeated cycles. Anaerobic and anaerobic treatment methods are mainly used in some large activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, which can achieve the effect of nitrogen or phosphorus removal in wastewater, and the operation cost and treatment cost are relatively low. However, this treatment method also has some disadvantages, namely, it is difficult to manage, and can not achieve simultaneous dephosphorization and nitrogen removal, thus prolonging the wastewater treatment time. The anoxic-aerobic principle is a deep two-stage treatment technology, which consists of dephosphorization and denitrification.

　　Chemical treatment process is the most common one for industrial and domestic wastewater treatment, including the following three treatment methods: chemical precipitation, wet oxidation and ozone oxidation. Chemical precipitation is different from physical precipitation. Chemical precipitation involves putting a certain amount of chemical agents into the water body so that some compounds which are not soluble in water can be separated from the water body. At the same time, some heavy metal ions, such as mercury, lead and zinc, can be separated. The common chemical precipitation methods are sulfide precipitation, barium salt precipitation and ferrite precipitation. The second is wet oxidation, which is mainly carried out in closed vessels, using temperature and pressure, so that some impurities in the water body can be oxidized and reduced. In this sewage treatment method, it is better to add some catalysts, which can improve the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time, thus achieving better sewage treatment effect. Finally, ozone oxidation method is used. Ozone is a strong oxidant and has strong sterilization ability. Ozone can be used for sewage treatment to carbonize pollutants in water and reduce organic substances in water.

　　Industrial wastewater and domestic sewage are seriously damaging to water environment. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the treatment of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage as a permanent concept and policy and to accelerate the research on industrial wastewater and domestic sewage treatment process so as to realize the sequential utilization of production and domestic sewage and thus create social benefits.

　　1. Chemical treatment of wastewater and wastewater

　　Industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater are the inevitable products of social development, and the treatment effects obtained by different treatment methods will be different. In real life, it is very common to use chemical treatment to treat wastewater and sewage. The chemical treatment method is to treat pollutants in sewage and wastewater by chemical reaction so as to separate various pollutants and restore the water quality to nature. For example, adding chemicals to sewage by chemical condensation can effectively decompose suspended particles with particle size of 1-10 in water and effectively reduce pH value of wastewater. Chemical treatment methods can be subdivided into different processes. Currently more mature applications include ozone treatment, precipitation and electrolysis. Chemical treatment is a very effective and convenient method. At present, the research time of this treatment method in China is relatively long and the achievements are more obvious. In common processing equipment, fast operation and automatic detection save time and effort and can effectively improve the processing effect. In addition, chemical treatment can also remove highly toxic residues in water. Of course, this is mainly used for industrial wastewater. Compared with domestic sewage, industrial wastewater contains mercury and other heavy metals. Untreated emissions into the natural environment can have very serious consequences. At present, it is mainly treated by neutralization and precipitation.

　　2. Physical treatment of wastewater and wastewater

　　The principle of physical treatment is a variety of mechanical separation methods, including filtration, flotation and centrifugal separation. These physical therapies are now relatively common. Physical treatment is used to treat sewage and wastewater. The chemical characteristics of the substances contained in the waste water do not change during the treatment process, so there are significant differences in the results of the sewage treatment obtained under the chemical treatment method. There are many processing machines and equipment used for physical treatment. Centrifuges, aerators and air floaters are widely used. The common components in domestic sewage are sludge, domestic garbage, etc. If domestic sewage is to be treated, water must be separated from solid matter. For example, domestic sewage is treated with centrifuges, which use centrifugal motion. In order to effectively separate solid particles and liquids from sewage, as well as two immiscible solutions with different densities in emulsions, centrifuges can also effectively separate the two liquids. Sludge dewaterer can also effectively separate sludge and water. Physical treatment of sewage can effectively separate and extract different components from sewage.

　　Third method of sewage treatment

　　Biological treatment is literally understood as the use of microbial metabolism to transform harmless organic pollutants in sewage and wastewater. The advantage of this treatment method is that it has better treatment effect than chemical and physical treatment. At present, this method has been used for a short time and needs further study. However, it will become the main treatment method of sewage and wastewater in the future. Method. This biological treatment method utilizes microorganisms to degrade wastewater and sewage, which fully conforms to current ecological and environmental protection concepts. There are many different ways to treat wastewater and sewage using this method. The more common methods are AB method, SBR method, natural biological treatment method and biofilm method. AB process is also called two-stage activated sludge treatment process. This method treats the sewage treatment plant as a sewage treatment system. The advantages of this method are strong impact resistance, strong loadability, no need to establish initial settling tank, up to 80% COD removal rate and 90% BOD5 removal rate.

　　3. The SBR process is also known as the intermittent activated sludge process

　　The method is to complete the water intake, reaction, precipitation and discharge in the same tank in idle order and to repeat the cycle at the same time. The advantage of this method is that it has been operated, can be adjusted, has a high level of automation and does not require sludge recovery equipment. Biofilm method utilizes a large number of microorganisms existing in biofilm to reproduce continuously, absorb and reduce pollutant content in sewage watershed. In addition, if the biofilm itself deteriorates, it will follow the flow of sewage and eventually reach the sedimentation tank. Natural biological treatment method in biological treatment method is a kind of microorganism growing in natural environment, which absorbs harmful substances in wastewater and sewage, thus achieving the purpose of water purification. For example, if you place many microorganisms in a pond, you can ecologically treat the sewage in the pond. Biological treatment of sewage and wastewater is currently under continuous research at home and abroad. With the continuous improvement of science and technology, the application prospect of this method will be unavoidable.

　　4. CONCLUSION

　　Generally, sewage treatment requires scientific concepts and advanced equipment. Through the study of all current wastewater and sewage treatment methods, it can be found that whether chemical treatment, physical treatment or biological treatment are effective combination of scientific and technological means and practice. The ultimate goal is to ensure the safety and security of water resources. To ensure the stable development of human normal life and the healthy and sustainable development of society. According to actual environment and demand, appropriate treatment methods should be selected reasonably to minimize the impact of sewage and wastewater on ecological environment.

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